Battery System

ABSTRACT

A thermally-conductive battery cell includes: a battery cell including two or more terminals that is configured to store electrical energy; and a thermally-conductive surface positioned about at least a portion of the periphery of the battery cell and configured to allow internally-generated thermal energy to be thermally conducted about at least a portion of the periphery of the battery cell.

RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.63/162,296, filed on 17 Mar. 2021, the entire contents of which areincorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to battery systems, and moreparticularly to battery systems for use within electric vehicles.

BACKGROUND

Over the past couple of decades, electric cars have moved from afar-fetched fantasy to a viable alternative to fossil-fueled vehicles.Specifically, advancements in battery technology have enabled for(somewhat) rapid charging of the battery packs that power these electricvehicles.

Additionally and due to companies like Tesla™, electric vehicles havetransitioned from low-performance econoboxes to high-performance sportscars. In order to enable such higher levels of performance, the batterypacks that power these electric vehicles must be capable of providingthe requisite level of kilowatts required to achieve the desiredperformance.

Unfortunately, the levels of current required from these battery packsto achieve such performance (often over 500 amps) may generateconsiderable heat within these battery packs, wherein this heat must beremoved to prevent premature failure of the same.

SUMMARY OF DISCLOSURE

Battery Cell

In one implementation, a thermally-conductive battery cell includes: abattery cell including two or more terminals that is configured to storeelectrical energy; and a thermally-conductive surface positioned aboutat least a portion of the periphery of the battery cell and configuredto allow internally-generated thermal energy to be thermally conductedabout at least a portion of the periphery of the battery cell.

One or more of the following features may be included. Theinternally-generated thermal energy may be generated when charging thebattery cell. The internally-generated thermal energy may be generatedwhen discharging the battery cell. The battery cell may include alithium-ion battery cell. The battery cell may be thermally coupled to abattery cell thermal management assembly. The battery cell thermalmanagement assembly may include: a body structure including acell-shaped recess configured to receive the thermally-conductivebattery cell; and a thermal management passage positioned within thebody structure and configured to circulate a thermal management fluid toextract the internally-generated thermal energy from thethermally-conductive battery cell. The thermal management passage may beconfigured to interface with a fluid circulation system configured tocirculate the thermal management fluid and extract theinternally-generated thermal energy therefrom. The thermally-conductivesurface may include a thermally-conductive coating. Thethermally-conductive coating may include a thermally-conductive epoxycoating. The thermally-conductive coating may include athermally-conductive metallic coating. The thermally-conductive coatingmay be configured to bond the battery cell to a battery cell thermalmanagement assembly. The at least a portion of the periphery of thebattery cell may include a portion of the periphery of the battery cellproximate the battery cell thermal management assembly. The at least aportion of the periphery of the battery cell may include an entireperiphery of the battery cell.

In another implementation, a thermally-conductive battery cell includes:a battery cell including two or more terminals that is configured tostore electrical energy, wherein the battery cell is thermally coupledto a battery cell thermal management assembly; and athermally-conductive surface positioned about at least a portion of theperiphery of the battery cell and configured to allowinternally-generated thermal energy to be thermally conducted about atleast a portion of the periphery of the battery cell, wherein thethermally-conductive surface includes a thermally-conductive coating.

One or more of the following features may be included. Theinternally-generated thermal energy may be generated when charging thebattery cell. The internally-generated thermal energy may be generatedwhen discharging the battery cell. The battery cell may include alithium-ion battery cell. The battery cell thermal management assemblymay include: a body structure including a cell-shaped recess configuredto receive the thermally-conductive battery cell; and a thermalmanagement passage positioned within the body structure and configuredto circulate a thermal management fluid to extract theinternally-generated thermal energy from the thermally-conductivebattery cell. The thermal management passage may be configured tointerface with a fluid circulation system configured to circulate thethermal management fluid and extract the internally-generated thermalenergy therefrom. The thermally-conductive coating may include athermally-conductive epoxy coating. The thermally-conductive coating mayinclude a thermally-conductive metallic coating. Thethermally-conductive coating may be configured to bond the battery cellto the battery cell thermal management assembly.

In another implementation, a thermally-conductive battery cell includesa lithium-ion battery cell including two or more terminals that isconfigured to store electrical energy, wherein the lithium-ion batterycell is thermally coupled to a battery cell thermal management assembly;and a thermally-conductive surface positioned about at least a portionof the periphery of the lithium-ion battery cell and configured to allowinternally-generated thermal energy to be thermally conducted about atleast a portion of the periphery of the lithium-ion battery cell,wherein the thermally-conductive surface includes a thermally-conductivecoating that is configured to bond the lithium-ion battery cell to thebattery cell thermal management assembly.

One or more of the following features may be included. Theinternally-generated thermal energy may be generated when charging thelithium-ion battery cell. The internally-generated thermal energy may begenerated when discharging the lithium-ion battery cell. The batterycell thermal management assembly may include: a body structure includinga cell-shaped recess configured to receive the thermally-conductivebattery cell; and a thermal management passage positioned within thebody structure and configured to circulate a thermal management fluid toextract the internally-generated thermal energy from thethermally-conductive battery cell. The thermal management passage may beconfigured to interface with a fluid circulation system configured tocirculate the thermal management fluid and extract theinternally-generated thermal energy therefrom. The at least a portion ofthe periphery of the lithium-ion battery cell may include a portion ofthe periphery of the lithium-ion battery cell proximate the battery cellthermal management assembly. The at least a portion of the periphery ofthe lithium-ion battery cell may include an entire periphery of thelithium-ion battery cell.

The details of one or more implementations are set forth in theaccompanying drawings and the description below. Other features andadvantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, andthe claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of an electric vehicle;

FIG. 2 is another diagrammatic of the electric vehicle of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of a battery cell thermal managementassembly for use in the electric vehicle of FIG. 1 according to anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view of another embodiment of the battery cellthermal management assembly of FIG. 3 according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic view of another embodiment of the battery cellthermal management assembly of FIG. 3 according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic view of a thermally-conductive battery cell foruse in the electric vehicle of FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of thepresent disclosure; and

FIG. 7 is a top view of the thermally-conductive battery cell of FIG. 6according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring to FIGS. 1-2, there is shown electric vehicle 10. Electricvehicle 10 may include battery pack 12 that is configured to provide theelectrical energy required for electric vehicle 10 to accelerate andmove. Battery pack 12 may include a plurality of battery modules (e.g.,battery module 14), each of which may include many (e.g., hundreds) ofdiscrete battery cells (e.g., battery cells 16). Examples of suchbattery cells (e.g., battery cells 16) may include but are not limitedto lithium-ion battery cells that have a voltage potential of 3.2-4.2VDC. Battery pack 12 may include many thousands of such battery cells(e.g., battery cells 16).

Electric vehicle 10 may include a propulsion system to provide suchacceleration/movement. For example, electric vehicle 10 may includefront propulsion system (e.g., electric motor 18) to provide rotationalenergy to front drive wheels 20, 22 and/or rear propulsion system (e.g.,electric motor 24) to provide rotational energy to rear drive wheels 26,28.

Electric vehicle 10 may include charging port 30 that may allow for thecharging of battery pack 12 via charging station 32 that is coupled tomunicipal power source 34.

Thermal Management Assembly

As discussed above, electric vehicles (e.g., electrical vehicle 10) havetransitioned from low-performance econoboxes to high-performance sportscars, wherein the battery packs (e.g., battery pack 12) that power theseelectric vehicles (e.g., electrical vehicle 10) must be capable ofproviding the requisite level of kilowatts required to achieve thedesired performance. Unfortunately, the levels of current required fromthese battery packs (e.g., battery pack 12) to achieve such performance(often over 500 amps) may generate considerable heat within thesebattery packs (e.g., battery pack 12), wherein this heat must be removedto prevent premature failure of the same.

Referring also to FIG. 3, these battery packs (e.g., battery pack 12)may be cooled via battery cell thermal management assembly 100. Asdiscussed above, battery pack 12 may include a plurality of batterymodules (e.g., battery module 14), each of which may include many (e.g.,hundreds) of discrete battery cells (e.g., battery cells 16). As will bediscussed below in greater detail, battery cell thermal managementassembly 100 may be positioned proximate these discrete battery cells(e.g., battery cells 16) to extract internally-generated thermal energy(e.g., internally generated thermal energy 102). Thisinternally-generated thermal energy (e.g., internally generated thermalenergy 102) may be generated when charging the battery cell (e.g.,battery cells 16 and/or battery pack 12) and/or when discharging thebattery cell (e.g., battery cells 16 and/or battery pack 12).

Battery cell thermal management assembly 100 may include a bodystructure (e.g., body structure 104), wherein the body structure (e.g.,body structure 104) may include a plurality of cell-shaped recesses(e.g., cell-shaped recesses 106) configured to receive a plurality ofbattery cells (e.g., battery cells 16).

In this particular example, plurality of battery cells (e.g., batterycells 16) are shown to be cylindrically-shaped battery cells (e.g.,similar to a AA or AAA battery). Accordingly and in such aconfiguration, the plurality of cell-shaped recesses (e.g., cell-shapedrecesses 106) are shown to be a radiused trough configured toaccommodate one or more cylindrically-shaped battery cells (e.g.,battery cells 16).

However, it is understood that this is just for illustrative purposeonly and is not intended to be a limitation of this disclosure, as otherbattery cell/recess configurations are possible and are considered to bewithin the scope of this disclosure. For example, one or more of theplurality of cell-shaped recesses may be a flat-bottomed trough (e.g.,cell-shaped recess 108) configured to accommodate one or moreflat-bottomed battery cells (e.g., battery cell 110).

As shown in FIG. 3, one or more of the plurality of cell-shaped recesses(e.g., cell-shaped recesses 106, 108) may be configured to at leastpartially encapsulate one or more of the plurality of battery cells(e.g., battery cells 16, 110). For example, cell-shaped recesses (e.g.,cell-shaped recesses 106) are shown (in this example) to encapsulatemore than 135° of the circumference/periphery of the cylindrical batterycells (e.g., battery cells 16) but less than 180° of thecircumference/periphery of the cylindrical battery cells (e.g., batterycells 16).

Additionally/alternatively, one or more of the plurality of cell-shapedrecesses (e.g., cell-shaped recesses 106, 108) may be configured tofully encapsulate one or more of the plurality of battery cells (e.g.,battery cells 16, 110). For example, a pair of “partial-encapsulation”body structures (e.g., body structure 104) may be positioned in parallelto fully encapsulate the plurality of battery cells (e.g., battery cells16, 110). Additionally/alternatively and as shown in FIG. 4, a“full-encapsulation” body structure (e.g., body structure 150) may beutilized that includes a plurality of (in this example) cell-shapedrecesses 152 that form cylindrical passages into which the plurality ofbattery cells (e.g., battery cells 154) may be inserted.

The body structure (e.g., body structure 104) may be constructed of athermally-conductive metallic material, examples of which may includebut are not limited to stamped stainless steel, stamped aluminum andcast aluminum. Additionally/alternatively, the body structure (e.g.,body structure 104) may be constructed of a thermally-conductive plasticmaterial, an example of which may include but is not limited to athermal-epoxy impregnated carbon fiber.

Battery cell thermal management assembly 100 may include a thermalmanagement passage (e.g., thermal management passage 112) positionedwithin the body structure (e.g., body structure 104) and configured tocirculate a thermal management fluid (e.g., thermal management fluid114) to extract internally-generated thermal energy (e.g., internallygenerated thermal energy 102) from the plurality of battery cells (e.g.,battery cells 16, 110). Examples of the thermal management fluid (e.g.,thermal management fluid 114) may include but are not limited to one ormore of: a glycol-based fluid, a water-based fluid, an oil-based fluid,and a silicone-based fluid.

The thermal management passage (e.g., thermal management passage 112)may be configured to interface with a fluid circulation system (e.g.,fluid circulation system 116) configured to circulate the thermalmanagement fluid (e.g., thermal management fluid 114) and extract theinternally-generated thermal energy (e.g., internally generated thermalenergy 102) therefrom. For example, the fluid circulation system (e.g.,fluid circulation system 116) may include a circulation pump (e.g.,circulation pump 118) configured to circulate the thermal managementfluid (e.g., thermal management fluid 114) within battery cell thermalmanagement assembly 100, wherein fluid circulation system 116 mayinclude a heat exchanger (e.g., heat exchanger 120) to remove theinternally-generated thermal energy (e.g., internally generated thermalenergy 102) from the thermal management fluid (e.g., thermal managementfluid 114).

One example of the thermal management passage (e.g., thermal managementpassage 112) may include one or more circulation tubes (e.g.,circulation tubes 122) positioned within the body structure (e.g., bodystructure 104). For example, the body structure (e.g., body structure104) may be hollow (e.g., a hollow shell formed of stamped stainlesssteel, stamped aluminum, cast aluminum and/or thermal-epoxy impregnatedcarbon fiber) within which one or more circulation tubes (e.g.,circulation tubes 122) may be positioned that allow for the circulationof the thermal management fluid (e.g., thermal management fluid 114) toextract the internally-generated thermal energy (e.g., internallygenerated thermal energy 102) from the plurality of battery cells (e.g.,battery cells 16, 110).

In such a configuration, a phase change material (e.g., phase changematerial 124) and/or a thermally-conductive material (e.g.,thermally-conductive material 126) may be positioned within the bodystructure (e.g., body structure 104) and may be configured to transferthe internally-generated thermal energy (e.g., internally generatedthermal energy 102) from the plurality of battery cells (e.g., batterycells 16, 110) to the thermal management fluid (e.g., thermal managementfluid 114).

For example, phase change material 124 (e.g., paraffin wax) and/orthermally-conductive material 126 (e.g., a thermally-conductive epoxy)may be positioned within the body structure (e.g., body structure 104)to fill any gaps within the shell of body structure 104 (e.g., to fillany gaps between the outer surface of body structure 104 and circulationtubes 122) to allow for the conductive transfer of theinternally-generated thermal energy (e.g., internally generated thermalenergy 102) from the plurality of battery cells (e.g., battery cells 16,110) to the thermal management fluid (e.g., thermal management fluid114).

Another example of the thermal management passage (e.g., thermalmanagement passage 112) may include one or more circulation passagesdefined within the body structure (e.g., body structure 104). Asdiscussed above and referring also to FIG. 5, the body structure (e.g.,body structure 200) may be hollow (e.g., a hollow shell formed ofstamped stainless steel, stamped aluminum, cast aluminum and/orthermal-epoxy impregnated carbon fiber) within which one or morecirculation passages (e.g., circulation path 202) may be defined viae.g., baffles 204, 206, 208.

While battery cell thermal management assembly 100 is described above asbeing utilized to extract heat from the plurality of battery cells(e.g., battery cells 16, 110), battery cell thermal management assembly100 may also be utilized to actually provide heat to the plurality ofbattery cells (e.g., battery cells 16, 110). For example, there aresituations in which the plurality of battery cells (e.g., battery cells16, 110) may be below their desired operating temperature, examples ofwhich may include but are not limited to when electric vehicle 10 isstored outside or in an unheated space or when a higher level ofperformance is needed (e.g., during launch mode operation). In such asituation, battery cell thermal management assembly 100 may be utilizedto provide thermal energy to the plurality of battery cells (e.g.,battery cells 16, 110). For example, the heat exchanger (e.g., heatexchanger 120) may be configured to introduce thermal energy intothermal management fluid (e.g., thermal management fluid 114), thusallowing thermal management fluid 114 and battery cell thermalmanagement assembly 100 to warm the plurality of battery cells (e.g.,battery cells 16, 110) to a desired operating temperature.

Battery Cell

Referring also to FIG. 6, the above-referenced plurality of batterycells (e.g., battery cells 16, 110) may include a plurality ofthermally-conductive battery cells (e.g., thermally-conductive batterycell 250).

Thermally-conductive battery cell 250 may include a battery cell (e.g.,battery cell 252) including two or more terminals (e.g., terminals 254,256) that is configured to store electrical energy (e.g., electricalenergy 258). The two or more terminals (e.g., terminals 254, 256) may beconfigured to receive electrical energy 258 (e.g., during regenerativebraking and/or from charging port 30 during a charging cycle) and/orprovide electrical energy 258 to the front propulsion system (e.g.,electric motor 18) and/or the rear propulsion system (e.g., electricmotor 24) during use of electric vehicle 10. While terminals 254, 256are shown to be positioned on the top of thermally-conductive batterycell 250, this is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended tobe a limitation of this disclosure, as other configurations are possibleand are considered to be within the scope of this disclosure. Forexample, one or more of terminals 254, 256 may be positioned on thebottom and/or the side of thermally-conductive battery cell 250.

Referring also to FIG. 7, thermally-conductive battery cell 250 may alsoinclude a thermally-conductive surface (e.g., thermally-conductivesurface 260) positioned about at least a portion of the periphery of thebattery cell (e.g., battery cell 252) and configured to allowinternally-generated thermal energy (e.g., internally generated thermalenergy 102) to be thermally conducted about at least a portion of theperiphery of battery cell 252 (e.g., in the directions of arrows 262,264). The thermally-conductive surface (e.g., thermally-conductivesurface 260) may include a thermally-conductive coating, examples ofwhich may include but are limited to a thermally-conductive epoxycoating and a thermally-conductive metallic coating (e.g., a coppercoating, an aluminum coating, or a gold coating). wherein such coatingsmay be applied to the surface of battery cell 252 to formthermally-conductive battery cell 250. For example, such athermally-conductive epoxy coating and/or a thermally-conductivemetallic coating may be sprayed onto and/or electrostatically applied toa surface of battery cell 252 to form thermally-conductive surface 260that e.g., fully or partially encapsulates battery cell 252.

The battery cell (e.g., battery cell 252) may be thermally coupled to abattery cell thermal management assembly (e.g., battery cell thermalmanagement assembly 100). As discussed above, battery cell thermalmanagement assembly 100 may include a body structure (e.g., bodystructure 104) that includes a plurality of cell-shaped recesses (e.g.,cell-shaped recesses 106) configured to receive a plurality of batterycells (e.g., battery cells 16). Battery cell thermal management assembly100 may also include a thermal management passage (e.g., thermalmanagement passage 112) positioned within the body structure (e.g., bodystructure 104) and configured to circulate a thermal management fluid(e.g., thermal management fluid 114) to extract internally-generatedthermal energy (e.g., internally generated thermal energy 102) from theplurality of battery cells (e.g., battery cells 16, 110).

The above-described thermally-conductive coating (e.g., athermally-conductive epoxy coating) that makes up thethermally-conductive surface 260 may be configured to bond the batterycell (e.g., battery cell 252) to the battery cell thermal managementassembly (e.g., battery cell thermal management assembly 100).

In certain configurations, the portion of the periphery of the batterycell (e.g., battery cell 252) that includes thermally-conductive surface260 may only include the portion of the periphery of the battery cell(e.g., battery cell 252) proximate the battery cell thermal managementassembly (e.g., battery cell thermal management assembly 100). In otherconfigurations, the portion of the periphery of the battery cell (e.g.,battery cell 252) that includes thermally-conductive surface 260 mayinclude the entire periphery of the battery cell (e.g., battery cell252).

In the latter configuration, the internally-generated thermal energy(e.g., internally generated thermal energy 102) proximate the outersurface (e.g., outer surface 266) of thermally-conductive battery cell250 may be extracted by having such thermal energy (e.g., internallygenerated thermal energy 102) conductively-travel alongthermally-conductive surface 260 (in the direction of arrows 262, 264)so that battery cell thermal management assembly 100 may extract suchthermal energy via thermal management fluid 114.

As discussed above, battery cell thermal management assembly 100 mayalso be utilized to actually provide heat to the plurality of batterycells (e.g., battery cells 16, 110). Specifically, the heat exchanger(e.g., heat exchanger 120) may be configured to introduce thermal energyinto thermal management fluid (e.g., thermal management fluid 114), thusallowing thermal management fluid 114 and battery cell thermalmanagement assembly 100 to warm the plurality of battery cells (e.g.,battery cells 16, 110) to a desired operating temperature. Accordinglyand in such a configuration, the above-described thermally-conductivesurface 260 of thermally-conductive battery cell 250 may actuallydistribute thermal energy received from thermal management fluid 114 andbattery cell thermal management assembly 100 about the periphery ofthermally-conductive battery cell 250, thus enabling the unified warmingof thermally-conductive battery cell 250.

General

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the disclosure.As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify thepresence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements,and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of oneor more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements,components, and/or groups thereof.

The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of allmeans or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended toinclude any structure, material, or act for performing the function incombination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. Thedescription of the present disclosure has been presented for purposes ofillustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive orlimited to the disclosure in the form disclosed. Many modifications andvariations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artwithout departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosure. Theembodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the disclosure and the practical application, and toenable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the disclosurefor various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated.

A number of implementations have been described. Having thus describedthe disclosure of the present application in detail and by reference toembodiments thereof, it will be apparent that modifications andvariations are possible without departing from the scope of thedisclosure defined in the appended claims.

1. A thermally-conductive battery cell comprising: a battery cellincluding two or more terminals that is configured to store electricalenergy; and a thermally-conductive surface positioned about at least aportion of the periphery of the battery cell and configured to allowinternally-generated thermal energy to be thermally conducted about atleast a portion of the periphery of the battery cell.
 2. Thethermally-conductive battery cell of claim 1 wherein theinternally-generated thermal energy is generated when charging thebattery cell.
 3. The thermally-conductive battery cell of claim 1wherein the internally-generated thermal energy is generated whendischarging the battery cell.
 4. The thermally-conductive battery cellof claim 1 wherein the battery cell includes a lithium-ion battery cell.5. The thermally-conductive battery cell of claim 1 wherein the batterycell is thermally coupled to a battery cell thermal management assembly.6. The thermally-conductive battery cell of claim 5 wherein the batterycell thermal management assembly includes: a body structure including acell-shaped recess configured to receive the thermally-conductivebattery cell; and a thermal management passage positioned within thebody structure and configured to circulate a thermal management fluid toextract the internally-generated thermal energy from thethermally-conductive battery cell.
 7. The thermally-conductive batterycell of claim 6 wherein the thermal management passage is configured tointerface with a fluid circulation system configured to circulate thethermal management fluid and extract the internally-generated thermalenergy therefrom.
 8. The thermally-conductive battery cell of claim 1wherein the thermally-conductive surface includes a thermally-conductivecoating.
 9. The thermally-conductive battery cell of claim 8 wherein thethermally-conductive coating includes a thermally-conductive epoxycoating.
 10. The thermally-conductive battery cell of claim 8 whereinthe thermally-conductive coating includes a thermally-conductivemetallic coating.
 11. The thermally-conductive battery cell of claim 8wherein the thermally-conductive coating is configured to bond thebattery cell to a battery cell thermal management assembly.
 12. Thethermally-conductive battery cell of claim 11 wherein the at least aportion of the periphery of the battery cell includes a portion of theperiphery of the battery cell proximate the battery cell thermalmanagement assembly.
 13. The thermally-conductive battery cell of claim11 wherein the at least a portion of the periphery of the battery cellincludes an entire periphery of the battery cell. 14.-29. (canceled)